\begin{description}
\item[github\_url]
\url{https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/adjective_cardinal_number.rst}
\end{description}

\hypertarget{adjective_cardinal_number}{%
\section{Adjective Cardinal Number}\label{adjective_cardinal_number}}

\hypertarget{summary}{%
\subsection{Summary}\label{summary}}

In Biblical Hebrew, cardinal numbers are used to describe quantity or to
express the name of a number itself ("one", "two", "three", etc.).

\hypertarget{article}{%
\subsection{Article}\label{article}}

Biblical Hebrew does not contain numerals ("1", "2", "3", etc.) but
rather uses words to express numbers ("one", "two", "three", etc.).
There are two different kinds of numbers: cardinal numbers and
\texttt{ordinal\ numbers\textless{}adjective\_ordinal\_number\textgreater{}}.
Cardinal numbers are used either to express the name of a number itself
or to express the quantity of a thing ("one", "two", "three", etc.).

Cardinal numbers function as
\texttt{attributive\ adjectives\textless{}adjective-attributive\textgreater{}},
but they do not always follow the same grammatical rules. They may
appear either before or after the noun they describe, and they may not
always have the same grammatical form (gender, number,
\texttt{definiteness\textless{}definiteness\textgreater{}}) as the noun
they describe. As with other adjectives in Biblical Hebrew, a cardinal
number can function as a noun and can appear in either the
\texttt{absolute\textless{}state\_absolute\textgreater{}} the
\texttt{construct\textless{}state\_construct\textgreater{}} state.

Note

Sometimes a cardinal form ("one", "two", "three", etc.) is used, but an
ordinal meaning ("first", "second", "third", etc.) is clearly indicated
from the context.

\hypertarget{one}{%
\subsection{"One"}\label{one}}

\begin{longtable}[]{@{}llll@{}}
\caption{"One" Paradigm}\tabularnewline
\toprule
\endhead
Form & Hebrew & Transliteration & Gloss\tabularnewline
masculine singular absolute & אֶחָד & 'ehad & one\tabularnewline
masculine singular construct & אַחַד & 'ahad & one of\tabularnewline
feminine singular absolute & אַחַת & 'ahath & one\tabularnewline
feminine singular construct & אַחַת & 'ahath & one of\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\begin{longtable}[]{@{}l@{}}
\caption{Example: JDG 18:19}\tabularnewline
\toprule
\endhead
אִ֣ישׁ אֶחָ֔ד\tabularnewline
'ish \textbf{'ehad}\tabularnewline
man \textbf{one}\tabularnewline
\textbf{one} man\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\begin{longtable}[]{@{}l@{}}
\caption{Example: 1SA 13:17}\tabularnewline
\toprule
\endhead
הָרֹ֨אשׁ אֶחָ֥ד\tabularnewline
harosh \textbf{'ehad}\tabularnewline
The-group \textbf{one}\tabularnewline
\textbf{One} group\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

The following example is a cardinal number functioning as a noun.

\begin{longtable}[]{@{}l@{}}
\caption{Example: GEN 19:9}\tabularnewline
\toprule
\endhead
הָאֶחָ֤ד בָּֽא־לָגוּר֙\tabularnewline
\textbf{ha'ehad} ba-lagur\tabularnewline
\textbf{The-one} came-in\_to-live-as-a-foreigner\tabularnewline
\textbf{This one} came here to live as a foreigner\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\hypertarget{two}{%
\subsection{"Two"}\label{two}}

As would be expected, the number ``two'' in Biblical Hebrew always takes
the \texttt{dual\textless{}number\_dual\textgreater{}} form.

\begin{longtable}[]{@{}llll@{}}
\caption{"Two" Paradigm}\tabularnewline
\toprule
\endhead
Form & Hebrew & Transliteration & Gloss\tabularnewline
masculine dual absolute & שְׁנַיִם & shenayim & two\tabularnewline
masculine dual construct & שְׁנֵי & shene & two of\tabularnewline
feminine dual absolute & שְׁתַּיִם & shetayim & two\tabularnewline
feminine dual construct & שְׁתֵּי & shete & two of\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\begin{longtable}[]{@{}l@{}}
\caption{Example: 1CH 4:5}\tabularnewline
\toprule
\endhead
שְׁתֵּ֣י נָשִׁ֑ים\tabularnewline
\textbf{shete} nashim\tabularnewline
\textbf{two} women\tabularnewline
\textbf{two} women\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\begin{longtable}[]{@{}l@{}}
\caption{Example: 2CH 3:15}\tabularnewline
\toprule
\endhead
עַמּוּדִ֣ים שְׁנַ֔יִם\tabularnewline
'ammudim \textbf{shenayim}\tabularnewline
pillars \textbf{two}\tabularnewline
\textbf{two} pillars\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

The following example is a cardinal number with a
\texttt{pronominal\ suffix\textless{}suffix\_pronominal\textgreater{}}.

\begin{longtable}[]{@{}l@{}}
\caption{Example: GEN 3:7}\tabularnewline
\toprule
\endhead
שְׁנֵיהֶ֔ם\tabularnewline
\textbf{shenehem}\tabularnewline
\textbf{two of them}\tabularnewline
\textbf{both of them}\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\hypertarget{section}{%
\subsection{3-10}\label{section}}

Note

These numbers have specialized uses when they take either a
\texttt{dual\textless{}number\_dual\textgreater{}} ending or a
\texttt{plural\textless{}number\_plural\textgreater{}} ending. When
these numbers take a dual ending, they become simple multiples
("three-fold", "four-fold", "five-fold", etc.); but when they take a
plural ending, they become multiples of ten ("thirty", "forty", "fifty",
etc.).

\begin{longtable}[]{@{}llll@{}}
\caption{3-10 Paradigm}\tabularnewline
\toprule
\endhead
Form & Hebrew & Transliteration & Gloss\tabularnewline
masculine singular absolute & שָׁלֹשׁ & shalosh & three\tabularnewline
masculine singular construct & שְׁלֹשׁ & shelosh & three
of\tabularnewline
feminine singular absolute & שְׁלֹשָׁה & sheloshah &
three\tabularnewline
feminine singular construct & שְׁלֹשֶׁת & shelosheth & three
of\tabularnewline
masculine singular absolute & אַרְבַּע & 'arba' & four\tabularnewline
masculine singular construct & אַרְבַּע & 'arba' & four
of\tabularnewline
feminine singular absolute & אַרְבָּעָה & 'arba'ah & four\tabularnewline
feminine singular construct & אַרְבַּעַת & 'arba'ath & four
of\tabularnewline
masculine singular absolute & חָמֵשׁ & hamesh & five\tabularnewline
masculine singular construct & חֲמֵשׁ & hamesh & five of\tabularnewline
feminine singular absolute & חֲמִשָּׁה & hamishah & five\tabularnewline
feminine singular construct & חֲמֵשֶׁת & hameshet & five
of\tabularnewline
masculine singular absolute & שֵׁשׁ & shesh & six\tabularnewline
masculine singular construct & שֵׁשׁ & shesh & six of\tabularnewline
feminine singular absolute & שִׁשָּׁה & shishah & six\tabularnewline
feminine singular construct & שֵׁשֶׁת & sheshet & six of\tabularnewline
masculine singular absolute & שֶׁבַע & sheva' & seven\tabularnewline
masculine singular construct & שֶׁבַע & sheva' & seven of\tabularnewline
feminine singular absolute & שִׁבְעָה & shiv'ah & seven\tabularnewline
feminine singular construct & שִׁבְעַת & shiv'at & seven
of\tabularnewline
masculine singular absolute & שְׁמֹנֶה & shemoneh & eight\tabularnewline
masculine singular construct & שְׁמֹנֶה & shemoneh & eight
of\tabularnewline
feminine singular absolute & שְׁמֹנָה & shemonah & eight\tabularnewline
feminine singular construct & שִׁמֹנַת & shimonath & eight
of\tabularnewline
masculine singular absolute & תֵּשַׁע & tesha' & nine\tabularnewline
masculine singular construct & תֵּשַׁע & tesha' & nine of\tabularnewline
feminine singular absolute & תִּשְׁעָה & tish'ah & nine\tabularnewline
feminine singular construct & תִּשְׁעַת & tish'ath & nine
of\tabularnewline
masculine singular absolute & עֶשֶׂר & 'eser & ten\tabularnewline
masculine singular construct & עֶשֶׂר & 'eser & ten of\tabularnewline
feminine singular absolute & עֲשָׂרָה & 'asarah & ten\tabularnewline
feminine singular construct & עֲשֶׂרֶת & 'asereth & ten
of\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\begin{longtable}[]{@{}l@{}}
\caption{Example: JOS 21:18}\tabularnewline
\toprule
\endhead
עָרִ֖ים אַרְבַּֽע׃\tabularnewline
'arim \textbf{'arba'}\tabularnewline
cities \textbf{four}\tabularnewline
\textbf{four} cities\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\begin{longtable}[]{@{}l@{}}
\caption{Example: JOB 1:2}\tabularnewline
\toprule
\endhead
שִׁבְעָ֥ה בָנִ֖ים \textbf{וְשָׁל֥וֹשׁ} בָּנֽוֹת\tabularnewline
\textbf{shiv'ah} vanim \textbf{weshalosh} banoth\tabularnewline
\textbf{seven} sons \textbf{and-three} daughters\tabularnewline
\textbf{seven} sons \textbf{and three} daughters\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\begin{longtable}[]{@{}l@{}}
\caption{Example: GEN 4:15}\tabularnewline
\toprule
\endhead
כָּל־הֹרֵ֣ג קַ֔יִן \textbf{שִׁבְעָתַ֖יִם} יֻקָּ֑ם\tabularnewline
kol-horeg qayin \textbf{shiv'athayim} yuqqam\tabularnewline
all\_he-who-kills Cain \textbf{sevenfold}
he-will-be-avenged\tabularnewline
If anyone kills Cain, vengeance will be taken on him
\textbf{sevenfold}.\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\begin{longtable}[]{@{}l@{}}
\caption{Example: 2SA 12:6}\tabularnewline
\toprule
\endhead
וְאֶת־הַכִּבְשָׂ֖ה יְשַׁלֵּ֣ם אַרְבַּעְתָּ֑יִם\tabularnewline
we'eth-hakkivsah yeshallem \textbf{'arba'tayim}\tabularnewline
and-{[}dir.obj{]}-the-lamb he-will-restore
\textbf{fourfold}\tabularnewline
He must pay back the lamb \textbf{four times over}\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\hypertarget{section-1}{%
\subsection{11-19}\label{section-1}}

The numbers 11-19 are formed by writing the number 1-9 followed by the
number 10. Thus, in Biblical Hebrew the number "eleven" is written as
"one ten"; the number "seventeen" is written as "seven ten", etc.

\begin{longtable}[]{@{}llll@{}}
\caption{11-19 Paradigm}\tabularnewline
\toprule
\endhead
Form & Hebrew & Transliteration & Gloss\tabularnewline
masculine & אַחַד עָשָׂר & 'ahad 'asar & eleven\tabularnewline
feminine & אַחַת עֶשְׂרֵה & 'ahath 'esreh & eleven\tabularnewline
masculine & שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר & shenem 'asar & twelve\tabularnewline
feminine & שְׁתֵּים עֶשְׂרֵה & shetem 'esreh & twelve\tabularnewline
masculine & שְׁלֹשָׁה עָשָׂר & sheloshah 'asar & thirteen\tabularnewline
feminine & שָׁלֹשׁ עֶשְׂרֵה & shalosh 'esreh & thirteen\tabularnewline
masculine & אַרְבָּעָה עָשָׂר & 'arba'ah 'asar & fourteen\tabularnewline
feminine & אַרְבַּע עֶשְׂרֵה & 'arba' 'esreh & fourteen\tabularnewline
masculine & חֲמִשָּׁה עָשָׂר & hamishah 'asar & fifteen\tabularnewline
feminine & חָמֵשׁ עֶשְׂרֵה & hamesh 'esreh & fifteen\tabularnewline
masculine & שִׁשָּׁה עָשָׂר & shishah 'asar & sixteen\tabularnewline
feminine & שֵׁשׁ עֶשְׂרֵה & shesh 'esreh & sixteen\tabularnewline
masculine & שִׁבְעָה עָשָׂר & shiv'ah 'asar & seventeen\tabularnewline
feminine & שְׁבַע עֶשְׂרֵה & sheva' 'esreh & seventeen\tabularnewline
masculine & שְׁמֹנָה עָשָׂר & shemonah 'asar & eighteen\tabularnewline
feminine & שְׁמֹנֶה עֶשְׂרֵה & shemoneh 'esreh & eighteen\tabularnewline
masculine & תִּשְׁעָה עָשָׂר & tish'ah 'asar & nineteen\tabularnewline
feminine & תְּשַׁע עֶשְׂרֵה & tesha' 'esreh & nineteen\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\begin{longtable}[]{@{}l@{}}
\caption{Example: JOS 15:41}\tabularnewline
\toprule
\endhead
עָרִ֥ים שֵׁשׁ־עֶשְׂרֵ֖ה\tabularnewline
'arim \textbf{shesh-'esreh}\tabularnewline
cities \textbf{six\_ten}\tabularnewline
\textbf{sixteen} cities\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\begin{longtable}[]{@{}l@{}}
\caption{Example: 2SA 9:10}\tabularnewline
\toprule
\endhead
חֲמִשָּׁ֥ה עָשָׂ֛ר בָּנִ֖ים\tabularnewline
\textbf{hamishah 'asar} banim\tabularnewline
\textbf{five ten} sons\tabularnewline
\textbf{fifteen} sons\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\begin{longtable}[]{@{}l@{}}
\caption{Example: JOS 4:4}\tabularnewline
\toprule
\endhead
וַיִּקְרָ֣א יְהֹושֻׁ֗עַ אֶל־\textbf{שְׁנֵ֤ים הֶֽעָשָׂר֙}
אִ֔ישׁ\tabularnewline
wayyiqra yehowshua' 'el-\textbf{shenem he'asar} 'ish\tabularnewline
And-he-called Joshua to\_\textbf{two ten} man\tabularnewline
Then Joshua called the \textbf{twelve} men\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\hypertarget{section-2}{%
\subsection{20-99}\label{section-2}}

\hypertarget{multiples-of-ten-20-30-40-etc.}{%
\subsubsection{Multiples of ten (20, 30, 40,
etc.)}\label{multiples-of-ten-20-30-40-etc.}}

\begin{longtable}[]{@{}llll@{}}
\caption{Multiples of Ten Paradigm}\tabularnewline
\toprule
\endhead
Form & Hebrew & Transliteration & Gloss\tabularnewline
gender both & עֶשְׂרִים & 'esrim & twenty\tabularnewline
gender both & שְׁלֹשִׁים & sheloshim & thirty\tabularnewline
gender both & אַרְבָּעִים & 'arba'im & forty\tabularnewline
gender both & חֲמִשִּׁים & hamishim & fifty\tabularnewline
gender both & שִׁשִּׁים & shishim & sixty\tabularnewline
gender both & שִׁבְעִים & shiv'im & seventy\tabularnewline
gender both & שְׁמֹנִים & shemonim & eighty\tabularnewline
gender both & תִּשְׁעִים & tish'im & ninety\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\begin{longtable}[]{@{}l@{}}
\caption{Example: GEN 18:31}\tabularnewline
\toprule
\endhead
לֹ֣א אַשְׁחִ֔ית בַּעֲב֖וּר הָֽעֶשְׂרִֽים׃\tabularnewline
lo 'ashhith ba'avur \textbf{ha'esrim}\tabularnewline
not I-will-destroy for-sake-of \textbf{the-twenty}.\tabularnewline
I will not destroy it for \textbf{the twenty}'s sake\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

In the following example, the nouns "day" and "night" are singular in
form but plural in meaning.

\begin{longtable}[]{@{}l@{}}
\caption{Example: GEN 7:4}\tabularnewline
\toprule
\endhead
אַרְבָּעִ֣ים יֹ֔ום \textbf{וְאַרְבָּעִ֖ים} לָ֑יְלָה\tabularnewline
\textbf{'arba'im} yowm \textbf{we'arba'im} laylah\tabularnewline
\textbf{forty} day \textbf{and-forty} night\tabularnewline
\textbf{forty} days \textbf{and forty} nights\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\hypertarget{multiples-of-ten-plus-units-21-32-43-etc.}{%
\subsubsection{Multiples of ten plus units (21, 32, 43,
etc.)}\label{multiples-of-ten-plus-units-21-32-43-etc.}}

These numbers are written following the same rules as the numbers 11-19.
Thus, the number "twenty-one" is written as "one twenty"; the number
"thirty-two" is written as "two thirty"; the number "forty-three" is
writen as "three forty", etc.

\begin{longtable}[]{@{}l@{}}
\caption{Example: GEN 5:20}\tabularnewline
\toprule
\endhead
שְׁתַּ֤יִם וְשִׁשִּׁים֙ שָׁנָ֔ה\tabularnewline
\textbf{shetayim weshishim} shanah\tabularnewline
\textbf{two and-sixty} year\tabularnewline
\textbf{sixty-two} years\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\begin{longtable}[]{@{}l@{}}
\caption{Example: DAN 9:26}\tabularnewline
\toprule
\endhead
וְאַחֲרֵ֤י הַשָּׁבֻעִים֙ שִׁשִּׁ֣ים וּשְׁנַ֔יִם\tabularnewline
we'ahare hashavu'im \textbf{shishim ushenayim}\tabularnewline
And-after the-weeks \textbf{sixty and-two}\tabularnewline
After the \textbf{sixty-two} weeks\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\hypertarget{multiples-of-100-1000-10000-etc.}{%
\subsection{Multiples of 100, 1000, 10000,
etc.}\label{multiples-of-100-1000-10000-etc.}}

The nouns "hundred" (100) and "thousand" (1000) function the same as any
other common noun with singular, dual, and plural forms. Although the
number for "hundred" uses feminine endings and the number for "thousand"
uses masculine endings, both numbers should be classified as "gender
both" because the same form can be both grammatically-masculine and
grammatically-feminine.

\begin{longtable}[]{@{}llll@{}}
\caption{Multiples of 100, 1000, 10000, etc. Paradigm}\tabularnewline
\toprule
\endhead
Form & Hebrew & Transliteration & Gloss\tabularnewline
gender both singular absolute & מֵאָה & me'ah & hundred\tabularnewline
gender both singular construct & מְאַת & me'ath & hundred
of\tabularnewline
gender both dual absolute & מָאתַיִם & mathayim & two
hundred\tabularnewline
gender both plural absolute & מֵאוֹת & me'oth & hundreds\tabularnewline
gender both plural construct & מֵאוֹת & me'oth & hundreds
of\tabularnewline
gender both singular absolute & אֶלֶף & 'elef & thousand\tabularnewline
gender both singular construct & אֶלֶף & 'elef & thousand
of\tabularnewline
gender both dual absolute & אַלְפַּיִם & 'alpayim & two
thousand\tabularnewline
gender both plural absolute & אֲלָפַיִם & 'alafayim &
thousands\tabularnewline
gender both plural construct & אַלְפֵי & 'alfe & thousands
of\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\begin{longtable}[]{@{}l@{}}
\caption{Example: GEN 5:5}\tabularnewline
\toprule
\endhead
וַיִּֽהְי֞וּ כָּל־יְמֵ֤י אָדָם֙ אֲשֶׁר־חַ֔י תְּשַׁ֤ע מֵאוֹת֙ שָׁנָ֔ה
וּשְׁלֹשִׁ֖ים שָׁנָ֑ה וַיָּמֹֽת\tabularnewline
wayyiheyu kol-yeme 'adam 'asher-hay tesha' me'oth shanah usheloshim
shanah wayyamoth\tabularnewline
And-it-was all\_days-of Adam which\_he-lived nine hundred year
and-thirty year and-he-died.\tabularnewline
Adam lived 930 years altogether, and then he died.\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\begin{longtable}[]{@{}l@{}}
\caption{Example: GEN 11:17}\tabularnewline
\toprule
\endhead
וַֽיְחִי־עֵ֗בֶר ... שְׁלֹשִׁ֣ים שָׁנָ֔ה וְאַרְבַּ֥ע מֵא֖וֹת
שָׁנָ֑ה\tabularnewline
wayehi-'ever ... sheloshim shanah we'arba' me'oth shanah\tabularnewline
And-he-lived Eber ... thirty year and-four hundred year\tabularnewline
Eber ... lived 430 more years\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\begin{longtable}[]{@{}l@{}}
\caption{Example: GEN 20:16}\tabularnewline
\toprule
\endhead
נָתַ֜תִּי אֶ֤לֶף כֶּ֙סֶף֙ לְאָחִ֔יךְ\tabularnewline
nathatti 'elef kesef le'ahikh\tabularnewline
I-have-given thousand-of silver to-your-brother\tabularnewline
I have given your brother a thousand pieces of silver.\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\begin{longtable}[]{@{}l@{}}
\caption{Example: 1SA 29:2}\tabularnewline
\toprule
\endhead
וְסַרְנֵ֤י פְלִשְׁתִּים֙ עֹֽבְרִ֔ים לְמֵא֖וֹת
וְלַאֲלָפִ֑ים\tabularnewline
wesarne felishtim 'overim leme'oth wela'alafim\tabularnewline
And-the-lords-of the-Philistines were-passing-over by-hundreds
and-by-thousands\tabularnewline
The princes of the Philistines passed on by hundreds and by
thousands\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

In the following example, multiples of 1,000 are expressed by numbers in
a construct phrase.

\begin{longtable}[]{@{}l@{}}
\caption{Example: JDG 1:4}\tabularnewline
\toprule
\endhead
וַיַּכּ֣וּם בְּבֶ֔זֶק עֲשֶׂ֥רֶת אֲלָפִ֖ים אִֽישׁ׃\tabularnewline
wayyakkum bevezeq 'asereth 'alafim 'ish\tabularnewline
And-they-defeated in-Bezek ten-of thousands man\tabularnewline
They killed ten thousand of them at Bezek.\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}
