:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/participle_passive.rst .. _participle_passive: Participle Passive ================== Summary ------- A passive participle is a non-finite verbal form with passive or reflexive voice that can function as a verb (or verbal complement), an adjective, or a noun. In Biblical Hebrew, passive participles most often function as either an :ref:`attributive` adjective or a :ref:`predicative` adjective. Article ------- .. include:: includes/participle_article.txt Passive participles express verbal action in either :ref:`passive voice` or :ref:`reflexive voice`. Passive voice means that the person/thing described by the participle receives the action expressed by the participle itself. Reflexive voice means that the person/thing described by the participle both performs and receives the action expressed by the participle itself. .. note:: Only the :ref:`Qal` stem has a distinct passive form for the participle; in all other cases, the passive (or sometimes reflexive) meaning is determined by the :ref:`stem formation` and the specific verb. Form ---- .. csv-table:: Qal Passive Participle Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss masculine singular Absolute,קָטוּל,qatul,killer / killed feminine singular Absolute,קְטוּלָה,qetulah,killer / killed masculine plural Absolute,קְטוּלִים,qetulim,killers / killed feminine plural Absolute,קְטוּלוֹת,qetuloth,killers / killed .. csv-table:: Niphal (usually passive or reflexive voice) Passive Participle Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss masculine singular Absolute,נִקְטָל,niqtal,being killed feminine singular Absolute,נִקְטָלָה,niqtalah,being killed masculine plural Absolute,נִקְטָלִים,niqtalim,being killed feminine plural Absolute,נִקְטָלוֹת,niqtaloth,being killed .. csv-table:: Hophal Passive Participle Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss masculine singular Absolute,מָקְטָל,moqtal,being caused to kill feminine singular Absolute,מָקְטֶלֶת,moqteleth,being caused to kill masculine plural Absolute,מָקְטָלִים,moqtalim,being caused to kill feminine plural Absolute,מָקְטָלוֹת,moqtaloth,being caused to kill .. csv-table:: Pual Passive Participle Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss masculine singular Absolute,מְקֻטַּל,mequttal,being slaughtered feminine singular Absolute,מְקֻטֶּלֶת,mequtteleth,being slaughtered masculine plural Absolute,מְקֻטְּלִים,mequttelim,being slaughtered feminine plural Absolute,מְקֻטְּלוֹת,mequtteloth,being slaughtered .. csv-table:: Hithpael (usually reflexive voice) Passive Participle Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss masculine singular Absolute,מִתְקַטֵּל,mithqattel,killing oneself feminine singular Absolute,מִתְקַטֶּלֶת,mithqatteleth,killing oneself masculine plural Absolute,מִתְקַטְּלִים,mithqattelim,killing oneself feminine plural Absolute,מִתְקַטְּלוֹת,mithqatteloth,killing oneself Function -------- A passive/reflexive participle is often used as an independent grammatical entity, although it can introduce entire clauses similar to the :ref:`active` participle. Passive participles are generally more limited in meaning than active participles. Passive participles are governed either by the main verb of a sentence or by the context; thus, they can express action in past time, present time, future time, or without any specified timeframe. .. _participle_passive-adjectival: Functions as an :ref:`adjective` ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ This is the most common use of the passive participle in Biblical Hebrew. An adjectival passive participle can function as either an :ref:`attributive` adjective or a :ref:`predicative` adjective. The context must determine whether a passive participle is functioning as a predicative adjective or as a main verb, because both appear the same in many instances (compare EXO 5:16 and 1SA 19:11). The following example shows a passive participle functioning as an attributive adjective. .. csv-table:: Example: PSA 149:9 לַעֲשׂ֤וֹת בָּהֶ֨ם׀ מִשְׁפָּ֬ט כָּת֗וּב la'asoth bahem mishpat **kathuv** to-do to-them judgment **written** They will execute the judgment **that is written** The following example shows a passive participle functioning as a predicative adjective. .. csv-table:: Example: EXO 5:16 וְהִנֵּ֧ה עֲבָדֶ֛יךָ מֻכִּ֖ים wehinneh 'avadeykha **mukkim** and-behold your-servants **beaten** "We, your servants, are even **beaten** now" The following example shows passive participles introducing an entire clause that functions as a predicative adjective. .. csv-table:: Example: PSA 22:7 וְאָנֹכִ֣י תוֹלַ֣עַת וְלֹא־אִ֑ישׁ **חֶרְפַּ֥ת** אָ֝דָ֗ם **וּבְז֥וּי** עָֽם׃ we'anokhi thola'ath welo-'ish **herpath** 'adam **uvezuy** 'am "and-I worm and-not\_man **scorned-of** humanity **and-despised-of** people" "But I am a worm and not a man, a **disgrace** to humanity **and despised** by the people." .. _participle_passive-verbal: .. _participle_passive-verbal-MV: Functions as a :ref:`finite` main verb ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ The context must determine whether a passive participle is functioning as a main verb or as a predicative adjective, because both appear the same in many instances (compare 1SA 19:11 and EXO 5:16). In the following example, the participle is in the first position, which is the normal :ref:`word order` for finite verbs but not for participles. .. csv-table:: Example: ISA 17:2 עֲזֻב֖וֹת עָרֵ֣י עֲרֹעֵ֑ר **'azuvoth** 'are 'aro'er **being-forsaken** cities-of Aroer The cities of Aroer **will be abandoned** .. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 19:11 מָחָ֖ר אַתָּ֥ה מוּמָֽת mahar 'attah **mumath** tomorrow you **being-made-dead** tomorrow you **will be killed** .. _participle_passive-verbal-VC: Functions as a :ref:`non-finite` verbal complement ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. note:: The subject of a verbal participle usually precedes the participle, in contrast to the normal conventions of Hebrew :ref:`word order`. .. csv-table:: Example: GEN 38:25 הִ֣וא **מוּצֵ֗את** וְהִ֨יא שָׁלְחָ֤ה אֶל־חָמִ֙יהָ֙ לֵאמֹ֔ר hiw **mutseth** wehi sholhah 'el-hamiha lemor she **being-brought-out** and-she sent to\_her-father-in-law saying "When she **was brought out**, she sent to her father-in-law a message" .. _participle_passive-nominal: Functions as a :ref:`noun` ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. csv-table:: Example: JOS 8:34 כְּכָל־\ **הַכָּת֖וּב** בְּסֵ֥פֶר הַתּוֹרָֽה׃ kekhol-\ **hakkathuv** besefer hattowrah like-all\_\ **the-written** in-book-of the-law just as **had been written** in the book of the law