:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/pronoun_demonstrative.rst

.. _pronoun_demonstrative:

Pronoun Demonstrative
=====================

Summary
-------

A demonstrative pronoun refers to a specific person(s) or thing(s) in particular. In English, the following words are
demonstrative pronouns: "this", "that", "these", "those".

Article
-------

In Biblical Hebrew, demonstrative :ref:`pronouns<pronoun>` can function either as :ref:`nouns<noun>` or
:ref:`adjectives<adjective>`. Demonstrative pronouns can change form according to gender (:ref:`masculine<gender_masculine>`
or :ref:`feminine<gender_feminine>`) and number (:ref:`singular<number_singular>` or :ref:`plural<number_plural>`) but NOT
according to person (i.e. :ref:`first<person_first>`, :ref:`second<person_second>`, or :ref:`third<person_third>` person).

Form
----

Paradigm
~~~~~~~~

.. csv-table:: Demonstrative Pronoun Paradigm
  :header-rows: 1

  Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
  masculine singular near,(or זֶה (זֹה / זֹו,zeh (or zow / zoh),this
  feminine singular near,זֹאת,zoth,this
  masculine singular far,הוּא,hu,that
  feminine singular far,הִיא,hi,that
  common plural near,אֵלֶּה,'elleh,these
  masculine plural far,הֵם / הֵמָּה,hemmah / hem,those
  feminine plural far,הֵנָּה,hennah,those

.. note:: The "far" demonstrative pronouns are identical to certain :ref:`personal pronouns<pronoun_personal>` and must be distinguished by the context.


Function
--------

As a :ref:`noun<noun>`
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. csv-table:: Example: JDG 7:4

  "וְהָיָ֡ה אֲשֶׁר֩ אֹמַ֨ר אֵלֶ֜יךָ \ **זֶ֣ה** ׀ יֵלֵ֣ךְ
     אִתָּ֗ךְ \ **ה֚וּא** יֵלֵ֣ךְ אִתָּ֔ךְ"
  "wehayah 'asher 'omar 'eleykha **zeh** yelekh 'ittakh **hu** yelekh
     'ittakh"
  "And-it-is that I-will-say to-you **this** will-go with-you **that**
     will-go with-you"
  "If I say to you, ""**This one** will go with you,"" **he** will go with
     you"

Reciprocal
^^^^^^^^^^

Demonstrative pronouns can be used to distinguish individuals within a
group interacting with each other.

.. csv-table:: Example: ISA 6:3

  וְקָרָ֨א \ **זֶ֤ה** אֶל־זֶה֙
  weqara **zeh** 'el-**zeh**
  And-it-called **this** to\_\ **this**
  And **each one** called to **another**

Apposition to a noun
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 27:21

  הַֽאַתָּ֥ה \ **זֶ֛ה** בְּנִ֥י
  ha'attah **zeh** beni
  the-you **this** my-son
  you are my **true** son


As an :ref:`adjective<adjective>`
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

as an :ref:`attributive<adjective-attributive>` adjective
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

When used as an attributive adjective, a demonstrative pronoun often follows the noun, and both terms can take the
:ref:`definite article<particle_definite_article>`. Sometimes neither the noun nor the demonstrative pronoun takes
the definite article. In either case, the demonstrative pronoun makes the described noun :ref:`definite<definiteness>`.

.. csv-table:: Example: ISA 18:23

  הַדְּבָרִ֖ים הָאֵ֑לֶּה
  haddevarim **ha'elleh**
  the-words **the-these**
  **these** words

.. csv-table:: Example: JOS 2:20

  דְּבָרֵ֣נוּ זֶ֑ה
  devarenu **zeh**
  our-business **this**
  **this** business of ours

.. csv-table:: Example: 1KI 19:5

  וְהִנֵּֽה־\ **זֶ֤ה** מַלְאָךְ֙
  wehinneh-\ **zeh** mal'akh
  And-behold **this** angel
  Suddenly an angel

as a :ref:`Predicative<adjective-predicative>` adjective
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. csv-table:: Example: JDG 4:14

  זֶ֤ה הַיּוֹם֙
  **zeh** hayyom
  **this** the-day
  **this** is the day

.. _pronoun_demonstrative-relative:

As a :ref:`relative particle<particle_relative>`
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 74:2

  הַר־צִ֝יֹּ֗ון **זֶ֤ה**\ ׀ שָׁכַ֬נְתָּ בֹּֽו׃
  har-tsiyyown **zeh** shakhanta bow
  Mount\_Zion **this** you-lived in-it.
  "Mount Zion, **where** you live."

.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 104:26

  לִ֝וְיָתָ֗ן \ **זֶֽה**\ ־יָצַ֥רְתָּ
  liwyathan **zeh**-yatsarta
  Leviathan **this**\ \_you-formed
  "Leviathan, **which** you formed"

.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 47:6

  אֶ֤רֶץ מִצְרַ֙יִם֙ לְפָנֶ֣יךָ הִ֔וא
  'erets mitsrayim lefaneykha **hiw**
  Land-of Egypt to-your-face **that**
  The land of Egypt is before you