:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/verb_sequential_perfect.rst .. _verb_sequential_perfect: Verb Sequential Perfect ======================= Summary ------- A Sequential Perfect verb often expresses the same kinds of action as the *Imperfect conjugation*, but it also connects to an earlier verb to form either a sequence of time or a sequence of thought. However, in Biblical Hebrew a Sequential Perfect verb has an additional and unique potential to express the same kind of action as the verb immediately preceding it. Article ------- The Sequential Perfect conjugation looks very similar to the normal :ref:`Perfect` form, but it is a separate verbal form and must be treated as such. The Sequential Perfect conjugation takes the same verbal endings as the normal Perfect conjugation but includes the :ref:`conjunction` *waw* (וְ "and") as a prefix. A Sequential Perfect :ref:`verb` does not function like a normal Perfect conjugation verb. Rather, it functions more like an :ref:`Imperfect` verb, because it often appears in a series following a clause with an Imperfect verb. .. note:: The Sequential Pefect conjugation has an additional function that is unique among all verbal conjugations in Biblical Hebrew. A Sequential Verb often, but not always, expresses the same kind of action as the preceding verb. This is often the case when a Sequential Perfect verbs are used to express a sequence of incomplete actions, a sequence of imperatives, or a sequence of verbal actions expressing possibility or desirability. There is a difference between (1) the Sequential Perfect conjugation, (2) the :ref:`Perfect copulative`, and (3) the normal Imperfect conjugation with the conjunction. (1) and (2) have an identical form, including the vocalization, so the reader must determine from the context which one is being used in any given instance. (1) is also different than (3), although they can have similar meanings. The Sequential Perfect conjugation ((1) above) forms a sequence with the verb in the clause before it, but the normal Imperfect conjugation ((3) above) with the conjunction does not. Form ---- .. csv-table:: Qal Sequential Perfect Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss masculine singular third person,וְקָטַל,weqatal,(and) he will kill feminine singular third person,וְקָטְלָה,weqatlah,(and) she will kill masculine singular second person,וְקָטַלְתָּ,weqatalta,(and) you will kill feminine singular second person,וְקָטַלְתְּ,weqatalt,(and) you will kill common singular first person,וְקָטַלְתִּי,weqatalti,(and) I will kill common plural third person,וְקָטְלוּ,weqatlu,(and) they will kill masculine plural second person,וּקְטַלְתֶּם,uqetaltem,(and) you will kill feminine plural second person,וּקְטַלְתֶּן,uqetalten,(and) you will kill common plural first person,וְקָטַלְנוּ,weqatalnu,(and) we will kill .. csv-table:: Niphal Sequential Perfect Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss masculine singular third person,וְנִקְטַל,weniqtal,(and) he will be killed feminine singular third person,וְנִקְטְלָה,weniqtelah,(and) she will be killed masculine singular second person,וְנִקְטַלְתָּ,weniqtalta,(and) you will be killed feminine singular second person,וְנִקְטַלְתְּ,weniqtalt,(and) you will be killed common singular first person,וְנִקְטַלְתִּי,weniqtalti,(and) I will be killed common plural third person,וְנִקְטְלוּ,weniqtelu,(and) they will be killed masculine plural second person,וְנִקְטַלְתֶּם,weniqtaltem,(and) you will be killed feminine plural second person,וְנִקְטַלְתֶּן,weniqtalten,(and) you will be killed common plural first person,וְנִקְטַלְתֶּנוּ,weniqtaltenu,(and) we will be killed .. csv-table:: Hiphil Sequential Perfect Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss masculine singular third person,וְהִקְטִיל,wehiqtil,(and) he will cause to kill feminine singular third person,וְהִקְטִילָה,wehiqtilah,(and) she will cause to kill masculine singular second person,וְהִקְטַלְתָּ,wehiqtalta,(and) you will cause to kill feminine singular second person,וְהִקְטַלְתְּ,wehiqtalt,(and) you will cause to kill common singular first person,וְהִקְטַלְתִּי,wehiqtalti,(and) I will cause to kill common plural third person,וְהִקְטִילוּ,wehiqtilu,(and) they will cause to kill masculine plural second person,וְהִקְטַלְתֶּם,wehiqtaltem,(and) you will cause to kill feminine plural second person,וְהִקְטַלְתֶּן,wehiqtalten,(and) you will cause to kill common plural first person,וְהִקְטַלְנוּ,wehiqtalnu,(and) we will cause to kill .. csv-table:: Hophal Sequential Perfect Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss masculine singular third person,וְהָקְטַל,wehoqtal,(and) he will be caused to kill feminine singular third person,וְהָקְטְלָה,wehoqtelah,(and) she will be caused to kill masculine singular second person,וְהָקְטַלְתָּ,wehoqtalta,(and) you will be caused to kill feminine singular second person,וְהָקְטַלְתְּ,wehoqtalt,(and) you will be caused to kill common singular first person,וְהָקְטַלְתִּי,wehoqtalti,(and) I will be caused to kill common plural third person,וְהָקְטְלוּ,wehoqtelu,(and) they will be caused to kill masculine plural second person,וְהָקְטַלְתֶּם,wehoqtaltem,(and) you will be caused to kill feminine plural second person,וְהָקְטַלְתֶּן,wehoqtalten,(and) you will be caused to kill common plural first person,וְהָקְטַלְנוּ,wehoqtalnu,(and) we will be caused to kill .. csv-table:: Piel Sequential Perfect Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss masculine singular third person,וְקִטֵּל / וְקִטַּל,weqittel / weqittal,(and) he will slaughter feminine singular third person,וְקִטְּלָה,weqittelah,(and) she will slaughter masculine singular second person,וְקִטַּלְתָּ,weqittalta,(and) you will slaughter feminine singular second person,וְקִטַּלְתְּ,weqittalt,(and) you will slaughter common singular first person,וְקִטַּלְתִּי,weqittalti,(and) I will slaughter common plural third person,וְקִטְּלוּ,weqittelu,(and) they will slaughter masculine plural second person,וְקִטַּלְתֶּם,weqittaltem,(and) you will slaughter feminine plural second person,וְקִטַּלְתֶּן,weqittalten,(and) you will slaughter common plural first person,וְקִטַּלְנוּ,weqittalnu,(and) we will slaughter .. csv-table:: Pual Sequential Perfect Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss masculine singular third person,וְקֻטַּל,wequttal,(and) he will be slaughtered feminine singular third person,וְקֻטְּלָה,wequttelah,(and) she will be slaughtered masculine singular second person,וְקֻטַּלְתָּ,wequttalta,(and) you will be slaughtered feminine singular second person,וְקֻטַּלְתְּ,wequttalt,(and) you will be slaughtered common singular first person,וְקֻטַּלְתִּי,wequttalti,(and) I will be slaughtered common plural third person,וְקֻטְּלוּ,wequttelu,(and) they will be slaughtered masculine plural second person,וְקֻטַּלְתֶּם,wequttaltem,(and) you will be slaughtered feminine plural second person,וְקֻטַּלְתֶּן,wequttalten,(and) you will be slaughtered common plural first person,וְקֻטַּלְנוּ,wequttalnu,(and) we will be slaughtered .. csv-table:: Hithpael Sequential Perfect Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss masculine singular third person,וְהִתְקַטֵּל,wehithqattal,(and) he will kill himself feminine singular third person,וְהִתְקַטְּלָה,wehithqattelah,(and) she will kill herself masculine singular second person,וְהִתְקַטַּלְתָּ,wehithqattalta,(and) you will kill yourself feminine singular second person,וְהִתְקַטַּלְתְּ,wehithqattalt,(and) you will kill yourself common singular first person,וְהִתְקַטַּלְתִּי,wehithqattalti,(and) I will kill myself common plural third person,וְהִתְקַטְּלוּ,wehithqattelu,(and) they will kill themselves masculine plural second person,וְהִתְקַטַּלְתֶּם,wehithqattaltem,(and) you will kill yourselves feminine plural second person,וְהִתְקַטַּלְתֶּן,wehithqattalten,(and) you will kill yourselves common plural first person,וְהִתְקַטַּלְנוּ,wehithqattalnu,(and) we will kill ourselves Function -------- The Sequential Perfect conjugation can indicate any one of many different kinds of actions: Incomplete actions, in present or future time ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. csv-table:: Example: JER 43:12 וְהִצַּ֣תִּי אֵ֗שׁ בְּבָתֵּי֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י מִצְרַ֔יִם **wehitsatti** 'esh bevottey 'elohe mitsrayim **and-I-will-kindle** fire in-houses-of gods-of Egypt **Then I will light** a fire in the temples of Egypt's gods. In poetry it can take on a variety of functions, here it clearly continues the previous :ref:`Imperfect`. It expresses an :ref:`habitual` action that is not (never) completed. .. csv-table:: Example: PSA 90:6 בַּ֭בֹּקֶר יָצִ֣יץ **וְחָלָ֑ף** לָ֝עֶ֗רֶב יְמוֹלֵ֥ל **וְיָבֵֽשׁ**\ ׃ babboqer yatsits **wehalaf** la'erev yemolel **weyavesh** "in-the-morning it-blossoms **and-it-renews** at-the-evening it-withers **and-it-dries**" "In the morning it blooms **and grows up**; in the evening it withers **and dries up**." Frequentive or durative actions ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ These may be in past time, present time, future time, or without a specified timeframe. .. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 5:7 וַיִּרְא֥וּ אַנְשֵֽׁי־אַשְׁדּ֖וֹד כִּֽי־כֵ֑ן וְאָמְר֗וּ wayyir'u 'anshe-'ashdod ki-khen **we'omru** and-they-saw men-of\_Ashdod that\_thus **and-they-were-saying** "When the men of Ashdod realized what was happening, **they said**" Direct or indirect commands ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ In the following example, the Sequential Perfect conjugation is translated with :ref:`imperative` meaning. .. csv-table:: Example: 2SA 7:5 לֵ֤ךְ **וְאָֽמַרְתָּ֙** אֶל־עַבְדִּ֣י אֶל־דָּוִ֔ד lekh **we'amarta** 'el-'avdi 'el-dawid go **and-say** to\_my-servant to\_David Go **and tell** David my servant In the following example, the Sequential Perfect conjugation is translated with :ref:`jussive` meaning. .. csv-table:: Example: GEN 31:44 וְהָיָ֥ה לְעֵ֖ד בֵּינִ֥י וּבֵינֶֽךָ **wehayah** le'ed beni uvenekha **and-let-it-be** for-a-witness between-me and-between-you **and let it be** for a witness between you and me. Imaginary, possible, or conditional actions ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. csv-table:: Example: EXO 21:20 "וְכִֽי־יַכֶּה֩ אִ֨ישׁ אֶת־עַבְדּ֜וֹ א֤וֹ אֶת־אֲמָתוֹ֙ בַּשֵּׁ֔בֶט וּמֵ֖ת" wekhi-yakkeh 'ish 'eth-'avdo 'o 'eth-'amatho bashevet **umeth** "and-if\_he-strikes man [dir.obj]\_his-servant or [dir.obj]\_his-female-servant with-the-rod **and-he-dies**" "If a man hits his male servant or his female servant with a staff, **and if the servant dies**" Actions of greater or lesser desirability ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ These may include instructions, requests, permissions, invitations, assurances, wishes, etc. In the following example, the Sequential Perfect conjugation is translated with :ref:`cohortative` meaning. .. csv-table:: Example: RUT 2:7 אֲלַקֳטָה־נָּא֙ **וְאָסַפְתִּ֣י** בָֽעֳמָרִ֔ים 'alaqotah-nna' **we'asafti** vo'omarim let-me-glean\_oh **and-let-me-gather** among-the-reapers Please let me glean **and gather** after the reapers.