:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/stem_hishtaphel.rst

.. _stem_hishtaphel:

Stem Hishtaphel
===============

Summary
-------

The Hishtaphel is an extremely rare stem formation that is similar to
the Hiphil and expresses causative action in active voice.

Article
-------

The Hishtaphel is a :ref:`rare stem formation<stem-uncommon>`
that is unrelated to any other :ref:`stem<stem>`. Many scholars believe this stem is derived from Ugaritic and is similar to the
:ref:`Hiphil<stem_hiphil>`, expressing :ref:`causative<stem-action-causative>` action in :ref:`active<stem-voice-active>` voice. 
However, In Biblical Hebrew this stem is used almost exclusively with the common verb חוי / חוה, meaning
"to prostrate oneself" (simple action with reflexive voice) or "to worship" (simple action with active voice).

Form
----

Paradigm
~~~~~~~~

.. csv-table:: Hishtaphel Paradigm
  :header-rows: 1

  Conjugation,Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
  Perfect,masculine singular third person,הִשְׁתַּחֲוָה,hishtahawah,he worshipped
  Imperfect,masculine singular third person,יִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה,yishtahaweh,he will worship
  Sequential Imperfect,masculine singular third person,וַיִּשְׁתַּחוּ,wayyishtahu,(and) he worshipped
  Imperative,masculine singular,הִשְׁתַּחֲוִי,hishtahawi,you must worship
  Infinitive Construct,---,הִשְׁתַּחֲוֹת,hishtahawoth,worship
  Participle,masculine singular absolute,מִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה,mishtahaweh,worshipping

Examples
--------

.. csv-table:: Example: RUT 2:10

  וַתִּפֹּל֙ עַל־פָּנֶ֔יהָ **וַתִּשְׁתַּ֖חוּ** אָ֑רְצָה
  wattippol 'al-paneyha **wattishtahu** 'artsah
  and-she-fell-down on\_her-face **bowing-down** to-ground.
  "she knelt before him, with her face **touching** the ground."