:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/verb_sequential_imperfect.rst .. _verb_sequential_imperfect: Verb Sequential Imperfect ========================= Summary ------- A Sequential Imperfect verb functions generally like a verb with *Perfect conjugation*, but it also connects to an earlier verb to form either a sequence of time or a sequence of thought. Article ------- The Sequential Imperfect conjugation of a :ref:`verb` looks similar to the normal :ref:`Imperfect` verb, but it is a separate verbal form and must be treated as such. A Sequential Imperfect verb does not function like a normal Imperfect verb, but it functions similar to a :ref:`Perfect` verb. The difference is an added sense of being connected to an earlier verb to form a sequence of time or a sequence of thought. In Hebrew narratives, the Sequential Imperfect conjugation also serves the function of controlling the flow of a story and often occurs at the beginning of a sentence. The endings of the Sequential Imperfect conjugation are the same as the normal Imperfect conjugation but the sequential form also has an extra prefix, which is a *specialized* form of the :ref:`conjunction`. The difference between the Sequential Imperfect and the normal Imperfect conjugation with the conjunction is in the vowel pattern. The normal Imperfect conjugation with the conjunction looks exactly like what one would expect: a normal conjunction (וְ) is added to the beginning of a normal Imperfect verb (יִקְטֹל) to make a single word (וְיִקְטֹל). However, the Sequential Imperfect conjugation looks different (וַיִּקְטֹל). In contrast to the normal Imperfect conjugation with the conjunction, the Sequential Imperfect conjugation usually contains (1) a vowel (usually pathach) under the conjunction instead of the shewa, and (2) a daghesh in the prefix consonant of the verbal form (see table below). .. csv-table:: Example: Imperfect conjugation + conjunction (וְ) vs. Sequential Imperfect conjugation Verbal root,Imperfect conjugation + conjunction (וְ),Sequential Imperfect conjugation כתב,וְיִכְתֹּב,וַיִּכְתֹּב פעל,וְיִפְעַל,וַיִּפְעַל קרא,וְיִקְרָא,וַיִּקְרָא Form ---- .. csv-table:: Qal Sequential Imperfect Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss masculine singular third person,וַיִּקְטֹל,wayyiqtol,(and) he killed feminine singular third person,וַתִּקְטֹל,wattiqtol,(and) she killed masculine singular second person,וַתִּקְטֹל,wattiqtol,(and) you killed feminine singular second person,וַתִּקְטְלִי,wattiqteli,(and) you killed common singular first person,וָאֶקְטֹל,wa'eqtol,(and) I killed masculine plural third person,וַיִקְטְלוּ,wayiqtelu,(and) they killed feminine plural third person,וַתִּקְטֹלְנָה,wattiqtolenah,(and) they killed masculine plural second person,וַתִּקְטְלוּ,wattiqtelu,(and) you killed feminine plural second person,וַתִּקְטֹלְנָה,wattiqtolenah,(and) you killed common plural first person,וַנִּקְטֹל,wanniqtol,(and) we killed .. csv-table:: Niphal Sequential Imperfect Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss masculine singular third person,וַיִּקָּטֵל,wayyiqqatel,(and) he was killed feminine singular third person,וַתִּקָּטֵל,wattiqqatel,(and) she was killed masculine singular second person,וַתִּקָּטֵל,wattiqqatel,(and) you were killed feminine singular second person,וַתִּקָּטְלִי,wattiqqatli,(and) you were killed common singular first person,וָאֶקָּטֵל,wa'eqqatel,(and) I was killed masculine plural third person,וַיִּקָּטְלוּ,wayyiqqatlu,(and) they were killed feminine plural third person,וַתִּקָּטַלְנָה,wattiqqatalnah,(and) they were killed masculine plural second person,וַתִּקָּטְלוּ,wattiqqatlu,(and) you were killed feminine plural second person,וַתִּקָּטַלְנָה,wattiqqatalnah,(and) you were killed common plural first person,וַנִּקָּטֵל,wanniqqatel,(and) we were killed .. csv-table:: Hiphil Sequential Imperfect Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss masculine singular third person,וַיַּקְטֵל,wayyaqtil,(and) he caused to kill feminine singular third person,וַתַּקְטֵל,wattaqtil,(and) she caused to kill masculine singular second person,וַתַּקְטֵל,wattaqtil,(and) you caused to kill feminine singular second person,וַתַּקְטִילִי,wattaqtili,(and) you caused to kill common singular first person,וָאַקְטֵל,wa'aqtil,(and) I caused to kill masculine plural third person,וַיַּקְטִילוּ,wayyaqtilu,(and) they caused to kill feminine plural third person,וַתַּקְטֵלְנָה,wattaqtelenah,(and) they caused to kill masculine plural second person,וַתַּקְטִילוּ,wattaqtilu,(and) you caused to kill feminine plural second person,וַתַּקְטֵלְנָה,wattaqtelenah,(and) you caused to kill common plural first person,וַנַּקְטֵל,wannaqtil,(and) we caused to kill .. csv-table:: Hophal Sequential Imperfect Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss masculine singular third person,וַיָּקְטַל,wayyoqtal,(and) he was caused to kill feminine singular third person,וַתָּקְטַל,wattoqtal,(and) whe was caused to kill masculine singular second person,וַתָּקְטַל,wattoqtal,(and) you were caused to kill feminine singular second person,וַתָּקְטְלִי,wattoqteli,(and) you were caused to kill common singular first person,וָאָקְטַל,wa'oqtal,(and) I was caused to kill masculine plural third person,וַיָּקְטְלוּ,wayyoqtelu,(and) they were caused to kill feminine plural third person,וַתָּקְטַלְנָה,wattoqtalnah,(and) they were caused to kill masculine plural second person,וַתָּקְטְלוּ,wattoqtelu,(and) you were caused to kill feminine plural second person,וַתָּקְטַלְנָה,wattoqtalnah,(and) you were caused to kill common plural first person,וַנָּקְטַל,wannoqtal,(and) we were caused to kill .. csv-table:: Piel Sequential Imperfect Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss masculine singular third person,וַיְּקַטֵּל,wayyeqattel,(and) he slaughtered feminine singular third person,וַתְּקַטֵּל,watteqattel,(and) she slaughtered masculine singular second person,וַתְּקַטֵּל,watteqattel,(and) you slaughtered feminine singular second person,וַתְּקַטְּלִי,watteqatteli,(and) you slaughtered common singular first person,וָאֲקַטֵּל,wa'eqattel,(and) I slaughtered masculine plural third person,וַיְּקַטְּלוּ,wayyeqattelu,(and) they slaughtered feminine plural third person,וַתְּקַטַּלְנָה,watteqattelnah,(and) they slaughtered masculine plural second person,וַתְּקַטְּלוּ,watteqattelu,(and) you slaughtered feminine plural second person,וַתְּקַטַּלְנָה,watteqattelnah,(and) you slaughtered common plural first person,וַנְּקַטֵּל,wanneqattel,(and) we slaughtered .. csv-table:: Pual Sequential Imperfect Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss masculine singular third person,וַיְּקֻטַּל,wayyequttal,(and) he was slaughtered feminine singular third person,וַתְּקֻטַּל,wattequttal,(and) she was slaughtered masculine singular second person,וַתְּקֻטַּל,wattequttal,(and) you were slaughtered feminine singular second person,וַתְּקֻטְּלִי,wattequtteli,(and) you were slaughtered common singular first person,וָאֲקֻטַּל,wa'aquttal,(and) I was slaughtered masculine plural third person,וַיְּקֻטְּלוּ,wayyequttelu,(and) they were slaughtered feminine plural third person,וַתְּקֻטַּלְנָה,wattequttalnah,(and) they were slaughtered masculine plural second person,וַתְּקֻטְּלוּ,wattequttelu,(and) you were slaughtered feminine plural second person,וַתְּקֻטַּלְנָה,wattequttalnah,(and) you were slaughtered common plural first person,וַנְּקֻטַּל,wannequttal,(and) we were slaughtered .. csv-table:: Hithpael Sequential Imperfect Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss masculine singular third person,וַיְּתְקַטֵּל,wayyithqattel,(and) he killed himself feminine singular third person,וַתִּתְקַטֵּל,wattithqattel,(and) she killed herself masculine singular second person,וַתִּתְקַטֵּל,wattithqattel,(and) you killed yourself feminine singular second person,וַתִּתְקַטְּלִי,wattithqatteli,(and) you killed yourself common singular first person,וָאֶתְקַטֵּל,wa'ethqattel,(and) I killed myself masculine plural third person,וַיְּתְקַטְּלוּ,wayyithqattelu,(and) they killed themselves feminine plural third person,וַתִּתְקַטֵּלְנָה,wattithqattelnah,(and) they killed themselves masculine plural second person,וַתִּתְקַטְּלוּ,wattithqattelu,(and) you killed yourselves feminine plural second person,וַתִּתְקַטֵּלְנָה,wattithqattelnah,(and) you killed yourselves common plural first person,וַנְּתְקַטֵּל,wannithqattel,(and) we killed ourselves Function -------- The Sequential Imperfect conjugation indicates any one of these kinds of verbal actions: Completed actions, or actions in the past ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. csv-table:: Example: GEN 12:1 וַיֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙ אֶל־אַבְרָ֔ם **wayyomer** yehwah 'el-'avram **and-he-said** Yahweh to\_Abram **Now** Yahweh **said** to Abram .. csv-table:: Example: GEN 13:1 וַיַּעַל֩ אַבְרָ֨ם מִמִּצְרַ֜יִם **wayya'al** 'avram mimmitsrayim **and-he-went-up** Abram from-Egypt **So** Abram **went up** from Egypt :ref:`Stative` actions ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ This kind of action describes a state or condition, often (but not always) with a passive :ref:`stem formation`. .. csv-table:: Example: GEN 22:19 וַיֵּ֥שֶׁב אַבְרָהָ֖ם בִּבְאֵ֥ר שָֽׁבַע **wayyeshev** 'avraham biv'er shava' **and-he-remained** Abraham in-Beer Sheba **and** Abraham **lived** at Beersheba. .. csv-table:: Example: GEN 21:8 וַיִּגְדַּ֥ל הַיֶּ֖לֶד וַיִּגָּמַ֑ל **wayyigdal** hayyeled **wayyiggamal** **And-he-grew** the-child **and-he-was-weaned** The child **grew and was weaned** Actions that are paired together in a sentence (often with the verb היה) ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. csv-table:: Example: JOB 1:6 וַיְהִ֣י הַיּ֔וֹם **וַיָּבֹ֙אוּ֙** בְּנֵ֣י הָאֱלֹהִ֔ים **wayhi** hayyom **wayyavo'u** bene ha'elohim **and-it-came** the-day **and-they-went** sons-of the-God **And then came** the day **when** the sons of God **came** .. csv-table:: Example: JUD 19:27 וַיָּ֨קָם אֲדֹנֶ֜יהָ בַּבֹּ֗קֶר **וַיִּפְתַּח֙** דַּלְת֣וֹת הַבַּ֔יִת **wayyaqom** 'adoneyha babboqer **wayyiftah** dalthoth habbayith "**and-he-rose-up** her-lord in-the-morning **and-he-opened** doors-of the-house" "Her master **rose up** in the morning **and opened** the doors of the house" .. csv-table:: Example: GEN 1:28 וַיְבָ֣רֶךְ אֹתָם֮ אֱלֹהִים֒ **וַיֹּ֨אמֶר** לָהֶ֜ם אֱלֹהִ֗ים wayvarekh 'otham 'elohim wayyomer lahem 'elohim **And-he-blessed** them God **and-he-said** to-them God God **blessed** them **and** God **said** to them